Experimental Investigation of Ethanol Enrichment Behavior in Batch and Continuous Feed Ultrasonic Atomization Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The fragmentation of a liquid layer to form a fine droplet mist by high frequency ultrasonic atomization of liquids has been applied to a range of industrial applications such as fine chemical manufacturing, pharmaceutical production, and food processing. A recent development is the separation of alcohol from miscible alcohol‐water mixtures using ultrasonic atomization. In this work, the effect of high frequency ultrasonic atomization at 1.6 MHz on the enrichment of ethanol from ethanol‐water feed mixtures has been studied. Experiments for evaluating this enrichment process were conducted in batch and continuous feed processing systems. The continuous enrichment process generated product concentrations that were higher than the equivalent vapor‐liquid equilibrium curve at feed concentrations greater than 40 mol.‐% in a single stage. The role of the ultrasonic jet formed at the surface of the feed solution combined with the ethanol separation characteristics has been discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".