Spawning locations and movement of Kootenai River white sturgeon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Kootenai River white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, an endangered species, spawns within an 18-km reach in the Kootenai River, Idaho, river kilometer (rkm) 228.0-246.0.Preliminary observations of adult white sturgeon have shown what appeared to be a progressive upstream movement during the spawning season, spawning over sand substrate seldom reaching the typical sturgeon spawning habitat of gravel and cobble located upstream of rkm 244.6.This behavior may be unusual for a white sturgeon population.The primary objective of this paper is to compare, within each spawning season and between seasons, the spatial and temporal pattern of egg collections (as an indicator of spawning location) and the spatial and temporal pattern of suspected spawners, as determined by their movement from 1994 to 1999.Adult white sturgeon were tagged with sonic and radio transmitters.Artificial substrate mats were deployed within three sampling reaches to determine approximate spawning locations and timing in reference to locations of spawners.Eggs were collected 207 different times from 1994 to 1999, including 123 times in the lower reach and 84 times in the middle reach.White sturgeon demonstrated a consistent temporal pattern of shifting spawning location as the season progressed, first spawning in the lower reach and then moving upstream to the middle reach.A total of 1234 contacts of potential spawners were made during May and June for the years 1994-1999.Some spawners were located in as many as four different locations from which eggs were collected within a season.There appeared to be at least five primary spawning locations, most in the vicinity of outside bends.This movement and temporal spawning pattern appears to be unique when compared with published studies on other sturgeon populations.Companion studies indicate that the species is not recruiting despite mitigative measures, and white sturgeon are thought to be spawning in unsuitable habitat.The combination of movement by white sturgeon within this sandy reach during the spawning season and spawning in unsuitable habitat may be contributing to the failure of recruitment.Present measures to recover the population may be inadequate.Further study is needed to determine if this movement pattern is caused by changing water velocities.Also, if historic spawning locations cannot be identified and rehabilitated, then we suggest consideration be given to habitat enhancement measures at the present spawning locations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".