Passive Earth Pressure of Overconsolidated Cohesionless Backfill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental investigation on the passive earth pressure of overconsolidated cohesionless soil on retaining walls was conducted. A prototype model of a vertical rough wall, retaining horizontal backfill, was developed in the laboratory. The model was instrumented to measure the total passive earth pressure acting on the wall, the passive earth pressure acting on selected locations on the wall, and the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) of the sand in the testing tank. In order to develop the state of passive pressure, the wall was pushed horizontally toward the backfill without any rotation. Overconsolidated sand was produced in the testing tank by placing the sand in thin layers; each was compacted mechanically for a period of time. Tests were performed on walls retaining homogeneous overconsolidated sand, and overconsolidated sand backfill overlying the deep sand layer. The method of slices developed for predicting the coefficient of passive earth pressure for normally consolidated soil was adopted for the conditions stated above. The theoretical values compared well with the experimental results of the present investigation. It is of interest to note that the OCR and the soil condition below the founding level significantly affect the value of the coefficient of passive earth pressure on these walls. Design charts and formulae are presented for practical use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".