Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pavement design and analysis are generally performed based on the load equivalent factor (LEF) obtained from conventional dual tires and assume that the contact stress is equal to the tire inflation pressure. However, heavier tire loadings, such as super-single tires, produce much higher contact stresses than the inflation pressure. This results in larger deformations of subgrades, requiring advanced modeling of subgrades, such as elastic–plastic analysis. Super-single tires also have a different contact area shape from that of conventional tires. To assess the increased contact stresses by super-single tires, realistic contact stress distribution and contact area ratio for super-single tires should be used in the analysis. Three-dimensional finite element analyses of typical flexible pavements were done to evaluate the effects of the increased contact stresses of tire loadings on the subgrades, including load equivalency factors, overlay effect, and subgrade improvement as the behavior of subgrades becomes more important due to the increased contact stresses. Analysis results indicate that the increased contact stresses should be taken into account in the pavement structure design, as well as design of overlay or subgrade improvement. Based on the numerical results, simple design examples are suggested.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".