Centrifuge experiments on the settlement of circular foundations on clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Centrifuge experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanisms governing the settlement of shallow circular foundations on clay. Model tests were performed on both soft and firm beds of overconsolidated kaolin clay. Foundation loads were applied as dead-weight and also through pneumatic loading. A Perspex window in the centrifuge package allowed digital images to be captured of a vertical cross section during and after the application of loading. Soil displacements deduced by particle image velocimetry (PIV) allow deformation mechanisms to be presented for undrained penetration, creep, and consolidation caused by transient flow. A technique is presented for discriminating consolidation settlements from the varying rates of short- and long-term creep. The mobilizable strength design (MSD) method is shown to make useful predictions of the undrained penetration using an estimated stress–strain behaviour of the clay with allowances made for anisotropy and rate effects. Subsequent creep and consolidation settlements were then determined using established correlations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".