Antagonistic Effects of Testosterone and the Endocrine Disruptor Mono-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate on INSL3 Transcription in Leydig Cells
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Insulin-like 3 (INSL3) is a small peptide produced by testicular Leydig cells throughout embryonic and postnatal life and by theca and luteal cells of the adult ovary. During fetal life, INSL3 regulates testicular descent in males, whereas in adults, it acts as an antiapoptotic factor for germ cells in males and as a follicle selection and survival factor in females. Despite its considerable roles in the reproductive system, the mechanisms that regulate Insl3 expression remain poorly understood. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that androgens might regulate Insl3 expression in Leydig cells, but transcriptional data are still lacking. We now report that testosterone does increase Insl3 mRNA levels in a Leydig cell line and primary Leydig cells. We also show that testosterone activates the activity of the Insl3 promoter from different species. In addition, the testosterone-stimulating effects on Insl3 mRNA levels and promoter activity require the androgen receptor. We have mapped the testosterone-responsive element to the proximal Insl3 promoter region. This region, however, lacks a consensus androgen response element, suggesting an indirect mechanism of action. Finally we show that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a widely distributed endocrine disruptor with antiandrogenic activity previously shown to inhibit Insl3 expression in vivo, represses Insl3 transcription, at least in part, by antagonizing testosterone/androgen receptor action. All together our data provide important new insights into the regulation of Insl3 transcription in Leydig cells and the mode of action of phthalates.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it