Cultural nationalism and political tolerance in advanced industrial societies: The Basque country and Catalonia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study endeavours to elucidate the nature of the cultural form of nationalism flourishing in some advanced industrial countries. We perform this task by estimating a LISREL model aiming at identifying the structure of values and attitudes explaining the nationalist identity in two economically advanced regions of Spain, the Basque Country and Catalonia. We found empirical evidence showing the existence of a form of cultural nationalism whose proponents adhere to a set of liberal values, notably political tolerance. Our findings point strongly to the emergence of a form of liberal nationalist identity, a phenomenon that departs markedly from the politically reactionary forms of rightist nationalism which are nurtured by intolerance. Moreover, these results support the cultural nationalism theory, which differs significantly from the explanations derived from the Modernization theory and from the model assuming a dichotomy between civic and ethnic nationalism. This study is the first demonstration that the reconciliation of liberalism and nationalism is empirically founded in at least two important cases of cultural nationalisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".