Improving ZRP Routing Protocol Against Black Hole Attacks In Mobile Adhoc Networks(MANET)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mobile adhoc network (MANET) is the network in which mobile devices are connected by wireless media and there is no centralized management and fixed network infrastructure. Generally, routing protocols in adhoc networks are classified into proactive, reactive and hybrid. One of the important challenges in hybrid routing properties is the security of these protocols. As ZRP hybrid routing protocol has not appropriate security features against black hole attacks, in this paper, we propose a security mechanism based on estimated latency of the route reply packets reaching the source node and selecting the shortest secure route and it is protected against black hole attacks and finally a new hybrid routing protocol is presented. After simulating this protocol by simulation toolNS2, The simulation result shows that the proposed protocol showed less failure compared to standard ZRP protocol in the presence of malicious nodes of black hole in terms of some parameters as quality of service (QOS) such as the packets loss, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".