Exposure of Newborn Male and Female Rats to Environmental Estrogens: Delayed and Sustained Hyperprolactinemia and Alterations in Estrogen Receptor Expression**This work was supported by NIH Grants ES-09555, ES-10154, and CA-80920; March of Dimes Grant 6-FY98–0159; and a grant from the Pardee Foundation. Preliminary results of this investigation were presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Toronto, Canada, June 2000.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environmental estrogens (xenoestrogens) are synthetic compounds that are abundant in the environment and mimic natural estrogens. The estrogenicity of two such compounds, bisphenol A (BPA) and octylphenol (OP), during development of the neuroendocrine system was investigated. The objective was to compare the effects of neonatal exposure to BPA, OP, and diethylstilbestrol (DES), a potent synthetic estrogen, on prepubertal serum PRL levels and estrogen receptor (ER) expression in the anterior pituitary and medial basal hypothalamus. Receptor expression in the uterus and prostate, two peripheral estrogen-responsive tissues, was also examined. Newborn male and female Fischer 344 rats were s.c. injected on days 1-5 after birth with corn oil (control), BPA and OP (100 or 500 microg/day), or DES (5 microg/day). Rats were bled on days 15, 20, and 25 and on the day of death (day 30), and serum PRL was analyzed by RIA. Relative expressions of ERalpha and ERbeta were determined by RT-PCR. BPA and OP induced delayed, but progressive, increases in serum PRL levels, up to 3-fold above control levels, in both males and females. The low dose of either compound was equally or more effective as the high dose in eliciting and sustaining elevated serum PRL levels, namely hyperprolactinemia. In contrast, the DES treatment resulted in a transient rise in serum PRL levels. BPA, OP, and, to a lesser extent, DES increased the expression of both ERalpha and ERbeta in the anterior pituitary of males, but not females, whereas the hypothalamic ERs were less responsive to these compounds. DES treatment caused down-regulation of ERalpha expression in the uterus and up-regulation of ERbeta in the prostate, whereas BPA or OP was without effect. In conclusion, exposure of newborn rats of either sex to environmental estrogens results in delayed and sustained hyperprolactinemia and differential alterations in ER expression in the hypothalamus and pituitary. DES appears to target the lower reproductive tract more effectively than the neuroendocrine system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".