Ages of Onset of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Fragile X Premutation Carriers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: FMR1 premutation carriers of both genders have a high lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders, however little is known regarding the onset ages of these conditions. This study compared onset ages of mood and anxiety disorders in premutation carriers with typical onset ages of the same disorders in the general population. Methods: Eighty-one premutation carriers (42% men; average age 62, SD 10) with and without FXTAS completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR. Onset ages of mood and anxiety disorders were compared to the corresponding typical population onset ages using the signed rank test. Results: Overall median onset ages of MDD (46 years old, p < 0.0001), panic disorder (40 years old, p = 0.0067), and specific phobia (11.5 years old, p = 0.0003) were significantly higher in premutation carriers compared to the general population. Median MDD onset ages in male carriers (52 years old) and those with FXTAS (49.5 years old) were significantly higher relative to the general population (median 32, both p < 0.0001). Tremor and ataxia emerged significantly later than MDD and the anxiety disorders studied. Conclusion: Depressive and anxiety disorders in premutation carriers have a later onset compared to the general population, but precede the onset of motor symptoms. This may be due to progressive mRNA toxicity in the limbic system, white matter changes leading to neuronal dysconnectivity, and interaction with environmental factors. Psychosocial factors may be protective. Further research is needed to understand the full spectrum of psychiatric phenotypes in FMR1 premutation carriers. Keywords: FMR1 premutation, Fragile X tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), Onset age, MDD, Depression, Anxiety
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".