Effective masking levels for bone-conducted amplitude- and frequency-modulated tones in adults with normal hearing: A behavioural study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: (1) to estimate the amount of masking needed to eliminate perceptual responses to 1000- and 4000-Hz bone-conducted mixed amplitude- (AM) and frequency-modulated (FM) tonal stimuli in adults with normal hearing, and (2) to compare these findings to recently reported effective masking levels (EMLs) for bone-conducted 80-Hz ASSRs. DESIGN: Stimuli were bone-conducted single sinusoidal tones with carrier frequencies of 1000 and 4000 Hz (Mixed modulation (MM): 100% AM & 25% FM at 85-101 Hz) presented to the temporal bone at 15-45 dB HL for 1000 Hz and 25-35 dB HL for 4000 Hz. Air-conducted 1- and 4-Hz narrow-band noise maskers were presented to both ears simultaneously using ER-3A insert earphones. EMLs for each of the stimuli were determined behaviourally. STUDY SAMPLE: Seventeen adults (mean age: 27.6 years) with normal hearing participated. RESULTS: Overall, EMLs were 10-17 dB higher for perceptual responses compared to ASSRs for 1000 and 4000 Hz. Linear regression analyses revealed that behavioural and ASSR EMLs were not significantly correlated for most of the stimuli presented except for 1000-Hz presented at 45 dB HL (r =.64, p = .013). CONCLUSIONS: EMLs are frequency- and testing method-dependent for bone-conducted MM tonal stimuli for normal-hearing adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".