Geomagnetically induced currents in Europe: Characteristics based on a local power grid model
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We consider the model of the Finnish high‐voltage power grid in 1978–1979, for which the accurate parameters are available for calculating geomagnetically induced currents (GIC). Moving the grid at different locations across Europe gives estimates of GIC levels in this region. For calculating the geoelectric field driving GIC, we use different layered models of the ground conductivity and 1 min geomagnetic data of the year 2003. The results show a clear concentration of large GIC in north Europe, where the peak values are about 3–5 times larger than in Central and South Europe, being up to about 200 A in this specific power grid. There are two factors contributing to this finding. First, geomagnetic variations are generally stronger in the north. Second, there are regions in the north with clearly smaller ground conductivities than typically at other areas. Both of these reasons lead to larger electric fields in the north. A very similar behavior of GIC is found in the case when a single‐layered ground conductivity model is assumed everywhere. We also show that the geographic characteristics of GIC are quite insensitive to the details of the power grid model by modifying various parameters of the Finnish grid.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it