Absorption spectroscopy of trapped rubidium atoms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We determine the absolute density of a sample of laser-cooled atoms in a two-level system by recording the absorption spectrum of the 85Rb 5S1/2 (F = 3, mf = 3) → 5P3/2 (F′ = 4, m′f = 4) transition. Trapped atoms were prepared in the (F = 3, mf = 3) ground state through optical-pumping techniques. We compare our results with an independent measure of the density that relies on a direct measurement of the number of atoms and size of the atomic sample. We also study the contributions of power broadening, laser line width, and Doppler broadening to the measured absorption spectrum. Our studies suggest that the natural line width (~6 MHz) can be measured to a precision of less than ~50 kHz if the laser line width is measured in real-time with a high-finesse Fabry–Perot cavity. PACS Nos.: 32.70.Cs, 32.70.Jz, 32.80.Pj, 42.62.Fi, 32.70.–n, 32.30.–r
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".