Temporal changes in maturation, mean length-at-age, and condition of spring-spawning Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in Newfoundland waters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Wheeler, J. P., Purchase, C. F., Macdonald, P. D. M., Fill, R., Jacks, L., Wang, H., and Ye, C. 2009. Temporal changes in maturation, mean length-at-age, and condition of spring-spawning Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in Newfoundland waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1800–1807. We investigated temporal trends in some life-history traits of Atlantic herring. Population size of Newfoundland herring stock complexes declined precipitously through the 1970s. Maturation age and size also decreased substantially, but not until the late 1980s. Although significant effects were found for region and gear type, these were only minor compared with the general trend. No effects were found for sex. Changes in maturation age and size can represent an evolutionary response to fishery-induced selection, or phenotypic plasticity as a result of a compensatory response to stock declines, or a response to other changes in the environment. Length-at-age and body condition decreased concurrently with changes in maturation, suggesting that declines in maturation age and size were not a compensatory response to reduced stock sizes. This supports the hypothesis of evolutionary changes in maturation. However, increases observed in the most recent year classes, and concurrent changes in other species, suggest that changes in the environment may have also affected age- and size-at-maturation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".