Nitrate isotope anomalies reflect N<sub>2</sub> fixation in the Azores Front region (subtropical NE Atlantic)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The subtropical northeast Atlantic has previously been identified as a marine environment with an apparent imbalance between low nitrate supply to the surface and concurrent high export production. To better constrain the sources and fluxes of mixed layer nitrate and to assess the potential role of N2 fixation in providing new nitrogen (N), we investigated the depth distribution of nitrate δ15N and δ18O at six stations across the Azores Front in the NE Atlantic. In addition, we measured the δ15N of dissolved organic N (DON) in surface waters and of sinking particulate N collected in sediment traps at 2000 m depth between 2003 and 2005 at Station KIEL276. The nitrate isotope profiles at the majority of the hydrographic stations displayed a decrease in the δ15N from depth toward low‐nitrate surface waters, concomitant with an increase in δ18O. Given that nitrate uptake by phytoplankton leads to a proportional increase in nitrate δ15N and δ18O, the observed surface water nitrate isotope anomalies (Δ(15;18) up to −6‰) indicate that nitrate assimilation is not the sole process controlling the isotopic composition of nitrate in the photic zone and implicate a significant addition of newly fixed N that is remineralized in surface and subsurface waters. Both the concentration of DON and its δ15N in surface water were spatially invariant, showing mean values of 4.7 ± 0.5 μmol L−1 and 2.6 ± 0.4‰ (n = 35), respectively, supporting the conjecture of a mostly recalcitrant DON pool. The weighted biannual mean δ15N of sinking particulate N (1.8 ± 0.8‰, n = 33) was low with respect to thermocline nitrate. The anomalous dual nitrate isotope signatures together with the low δ15N of export production and elevated nitrate‐to‐phosphate ratios in surface and subsurface waters strongly suggest that N2 fixation represents a substantive source of N in this part of the subtropical northeast Atlantic. Simple isotope mass balance suggests that, locally, N2 fixation supplies between 56 and 259 mmol N m−2 a−1 for phytoplankton growth in the photic zone, accounting for up to ∼40% of the estimated export production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".