Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steels, and Their Applications in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract As oil reserves decrease, the level of difficulty to extract oil increases. With this increased difficulty, the service conditions involved in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) are increasingly more aggressive. In an effort to maintain low raw material prices without sacrificing performance, duplex and superduplex stainless steels have been used for many applications to resist corrosion from chlorides, withstand extremely high pressure and still stay cost competitive. This summary of case histories shows where duplex stainless steels have been successfully utilized in the Alberta Oil Sands as well as across the globe. Duplex stainless steels have replaced leaner austenitic stainless steels and low alloy steels because of their increased corrosion resistance. In other cases, duplex and superduplex stainless steels have replaced higher nickel- chromium-molybdenum grades because of their lower cost and similar performance. For example, super duplex stainless steel has already been used as an alternate to six percent molybdenum grades in brine concentrators throughout Alberta, Canada.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".