Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Histopathologic Correlates for Texture Parameters at CT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To correlate computed tomographic (CT) texture in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with histopathologic markers for angiogenesis and hypoxia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was institutional review board approved, and informed consent was obtained. Fourteen patients with NSCLC underwent CT prior to intravenous administration of pimonidazole (0.5 g/m(2)), a marker of hypoxia, 24 hours before surgery. Texture was assessed for unenhanced and contrast material-enhanced CT images by using a software algorithm that selectively filters and extracts texture at different anatomic scales (1.0 [fine detail] to 2.5 [coarse features]), with quantification of the standard deviation (SD) of all pixel values and the mean value of positive pixels (MPP) and uniformity of distribution of positive gray-level pixel values (UPP). After surgery, matched tumor sections were stained for angiogenesis (CD34 expression) and for markers of hypoxia (glucose transporter protein 1 [Glut-1] and pimonidazole). The percentage and average intensity of the tumor stained were assessed. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess the correlations between CT texture and staining intensity. RESULTS: SD and MPP quantified from medium to coarse texture on contrast-enhanced CT images showed significant associations with the average intensity of tumor staining with pimonidazole (for SD: filter value, 2.5; slope = 0.003; P = .0003). UPP (medium to coarse texture) on unenhanced CT images showed a significant inverse association with tumor Glut-1 expression (filter value, 2.5; slope = -115.13; P = .0008). MPP quantified from medium to coarse texture on both unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT images showed significant inverse associations with tumor CD34 expression (unenhanced CT: filter value, 1.8; slope = -0.0008; P = .003; contrast-enhanced CT: filter value, 1.8; slope = -0.0006; P = .004). CONCLUSION: Texture parameters derived from CT images of NSCLC have the potential to act as imaging correlates for tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.12112428/-/DC1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".