A NEW MODEL FOR THE ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO SURFACES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new theoretical model is developed to evaluate the total potential energy of interaction between two charged flat plates in aqueous solutions. Instead of using the Boltzmann distribution to predict the ionic concentrations of counterion and coion, which is not correct for small confined spaces, this modified model determines the ionic concentrations of counterion and coion based on the Poisson equation, the Nernst equation, and the mass conservation condition. Instead of the approximations used in the traditional model, the osmotic pressure is directly evaluated based on the ionic concentration distributions predicted by this new model. Finally, the total interaction energy is examined and compared with that predicted by the traditional model. It has been found that for high ionic concentration solutions, the traditional model tends to overestimate the total interaction energy due to the approximations employed in simplifying the osmotic pressure. However, for dilute solutions, the traditional model tends to underestimate the total interaction energy at small separation distance due to the misuse of the Boltzmann distribution in calculating the ionic concentration.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it