Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla of Hindlimb Unloaded Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prolonged periods of bed rest or spaceflight result in cardiovascular deconditioning and a predisposition for orthostatic intolerance. Hindlimb unloaded (HU) rats are an animal model of deconditioning and exhibit blunted baroreflex sympathoexcitation. Neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are important for baroreflex function. Previous studies have shown that GABAergic inhibition in the RVLM is increased in HU rats. Nitric oxide (NO) is a neuromodulator that increases GABA inhibition and may contribute to enhanced GABAergic inhibition in the RVLM following HU. We hypothesized that 14 days of HU increases the number of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and GAD67 positive neurons in the RVLM. The RVLM distribution of nNOS and GAD67 was examined using immunohistochemistry in brainstem sections (30μm) from male Sprague Dawley (300–350g) control (n=5) and HU (n=5) rats. The number of nNOS and GAD67 positive cells was not different between control and HU rats. Interestingly, there was substantial colabeling of RVLM cells with GAD67 and nNOS in both groups. The number of GAD67 positive cells colabeled with nNOS (11 – 13%) and the number of nNOS positively labeled cells colabeled with GAD67 (40–45%) was similar between control and HU rats. Thus, HU does not appear to alter the number or colabeling of nNOS or GAD67 containing neurons in the RVLM. (HL55306)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".