Idiopathic pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: clinical and imaging characteristics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) can cause stroke, brain abscess or life-threatening haemorrhage. Most PAVMs are associated with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of those with idiopathic PAVMs, which has not previously been described in the literature. Patients with idiopathic PAVMs were identified at our HHT centre. Retrospective review of charts and imaging were performed. 20 patients were identified with idiopathic PAVMs. The most common symptoms reported were dyspnoea and migraines (50 and 30% of patients, respectively). Previous complications of PAVMs included haemoptysis (20%), stroke (20%) and brain abscess (5%). A total of 28 focal PAVMs were identified. Most patients (80%) had a solitary PAVM. 13 out of 28 PAVMs (46%) were located in the lower lobes. Most were simple and fistulous rather than complex and plexiform. Transcatheter embolotherapy was performed in 17 patients and was successful in improving oxygenation in all cases. The clinical manifestations and complications of idiopathic PAVMs are similar to those associated with HHT. Idiopathic PAVMs are anatomically similar to HHT-related PAVMs except for a greater number of solitary PAVMs and a lack of lower lobe predominance. Transcatheter embolotherapy is a safe and effective method for treating idiopathic PAVMs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".