The impact of post-stroke spasticity and botulinum toxin on standing balance: a systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although falls, balance impairment, and spasticity are common post-stroke, their interrelationship remains unclear. We review the literature for a) a relationship between spasticity and balance and b) the effect of botulinum toxin injections on balance. Electronic databases were searched based on two criteria: a) studies assessing balance in subjects with spasticity and b) studies examining the effect of botulinum toxin on balance. The primary findings were a) balance is impaired in subjects with spasticity, but only one study assessed relationship between spasticity and balance; and b) four studies reported that balance improves following botulinum treatment for limb spasticity. Persons with spasticity demonstrate impaired balance, but the correlation between spasticity and balance has not been adequately assessed in the literature. Evidence for balance changes following botulinum toxin is weak because of lack of randomization, control group comparison, objective balance assessment measures, and standard clinical scales.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".