Experimental study on adsorption of a new surfactant onto carbonate reservoir samples—application to EOR
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Surfactant flooding aims at lowering the interfacial tensions between the oil and water phases to improve the displacement efficiency during oil recovery. However, surfactant losses due to adsorption on the reservoir rock impairs performance of the chemical flooding, consequently renders the process impractical economically. This article presents adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of Zizyphus Spina Christi (ZSC), a new non‐ionic surfactant, onto carbonate rocks. The adsorption tests were conducted at a temperature range of 28–75°C. A conductivity method was employed in this study to measure CMC parameter and surfactant concentration in the aqueous solutions. The equilibrium conditions for the crushed rock samples were obtained after about 2 days. According to the experimental results, the equilibrium data were well‐fitted by the Freundlich isotherm for carbonate samples. Furthermore, the adsorption process is exothermic and obeys the second‐order kinetic model. Such a systematic investigation is very helpful to select a proper surfactant for EOR application and reservoir stimulation in the petroleum industry.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it