Selection for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> small-colony variants due to growth in the presence of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Opportunistic infections are often polymicrobial. Two of the most important bacterial opportunistic pathogens of humans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, frequently are coisolated from infections of catheters, endotracheal tubes, skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract, including the airways of people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, we show that suppression of S. aureus respiration by a P. aeruginosa exoproduct, 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO), protects S. aureus during coculture from killing by commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotics such as tobramycin. Furthermore, prolonged growth of S. aureus with either P. aeruginosa or with physiological concentrations of pure HQNO selects for typical S. aureus small-colony variants (SCVs), well known for stable aminoglycoside resistance and persistence in chronic infections, including those found in CF. We detected HQNO in the sputum of CF patients infected with P. aeruginosa, but not in uninfected patients, suggesting that this HQNO-mediated interspecies interaction occurs in CF airways. Thus, in all coinfections with P. aeruginosa, S. aureus may be underappreciated as a pathogen because of the formation of antibiotic-resistant and difficult to detect small-colony variants. Interspecies microbial interactions, analogous to those mediated by HQNO, commonly may alter not only the course of disease and the response to therapy, but also the population structure of bacterial communities that promote the health of host animals, plants, and ecosystems.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it