Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study analyzed corruption at the kun and hy?n levels during the latter period of Chos?n. More specifically, this study focused on the corruption which emerged during the process of managing local finances, namely the abusive practices (逋欠, pohum) of certain segments of the middle class such as the is? (吏胥, clerks). The corruption which emerged during this period, an inevitable phenomenon during transitional stages, was closely related to the socioeconomic changes and development which took place during the latter period of Choson. The deepening conflicts which emerged as a result of the increasingly brazen corrupt practices accelerated the transformation toward a new era. Therefore, there is a need to move beyond the forging of basic moral judgments as to the rightness or wrongness of these practices, and to analyze the significance of the corruption which occurred during this period. The historical background of corruption during the latter period of Chos?n can be analyzed by delving into the characteristics of local governments' management of their finances, the changes in the socioeconomic status of the is? class, and the development of a monetary economy based on the trading of goods. Members of the is? class, who were the main actors in terms of the management of local finances, were the main culprits in terms of poh?m practices. These individuals established a mutually beneficial relationship with the sury?ng (守令, district magistrate) of the kun and hyon, and used segments of the juin (主人, district agent) class, such as the ky?ngjuin (京主人) and y?ngjuin (營主人) who had emerged as a result of the development of a monetary economic system, to do their dirty work. In conclusion, the corruption which emerged at the kun and hy?n levels during the latter period of Choson was in fact a structural inevitability. The corruption which emerged during the latter period of Choson can be regarded as a historical phenomenon which further deepened the socioeconomic conflicts that emerged during the collapse of the pre-modern era.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".