Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ramped-freezing tests were conducted on three base-course materials with fines contents of less than 7% and compacted at different initial states but always at degrees of saturation near or well below 60%. Three different quarries were studied. The natural fines from crushed gneiss with biotite, limestone, and monzonite were all frost susceptible. Frost heave was relatively small, but significant water intake occurred in all samples during freezing with access to an external water source, regardless of initial saturation level. The frost susceptibility of coarse-grained soils cannot be solely evaluated with respect to frost heave but needs also to consider the amount of water drawn to the freezing front during the freezing process and the consequences of this water during thaw. The normalized heave of the base-course layer of pavements is a practical and efficient indicator of the frost susceptibility of the base-course aggregates. If it is larger than 1%, the base-course material can be considered as frost susceptible leading to a significant increase in the degree of saturation once frozen. Current base-course material specifications based solely on grain-size distribution are not adequate to differentiate materials that are nonfrost susceptible from those that are frost susceptible. Hence, an additional criterion based on the fines frost susceptibility should be considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".