Synchrotron x‐ray fluorescence and secondary ion mass spectrometry in tree ring microanalysis: applications to dendroanalysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Mining operations in the Sudbury district of northern Ontario have resulted in environmental damage caused by acid rain and heavy metal pollution. Remedial liming (Ca/MgCO 3 ) has been used in an attempt to restore the pH of the lake water and soil to natural levels. The spatial and temporal variation of metal concentrations in the annual growth rings of trees may be a useful indicator of the effects of the pollutants and the liming operation. We used synchrotron radiation‐induced x‐ray emission (SRIXE) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to examine the distribution of selected metals in the annual growth rings of red pine ( Pinus resinosa ) from an area damaged by acid rain and heavy metal pollution which had been subjected to remedial liming (Ca/MgCO 3 ). The results show a non‐uniform distribution of metals in the stemwood, including seasonal variations and changes in the Ca/Mn ratio consistent with the increased soil pH following liming. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".