Observation of the growth process of icy materials in interparticle spaces: phase-contrast X-ray imaging of clathrate hydrate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The visualization of temperature-controlled crystal growth and dissociation of tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrates and ice in the interparticle spaces between beads is presented. Phase-contrast X-ray imaging using synchrotron X-ray radiation is a unique technique to study clathrate hydrates coexisting with both ice and liquid water and is used here to observe tetrahydrofuran hydrate and ice formation in situ. The nondestructive images obtained reveal a morphology change of tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrate grown under isothermal temperature conditions at 253 K, which may be caused by the thermal history of crystallization of the clathrate hydrate. In addition, the water freezing process in the interparticle spaces between is observed using phase-contrast X-ray imaging. This method is useful for understanding the kinetics of clathrate hydrates in interparticle spaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".