The functional significance of synchronous protandry in <i>Alstroemeria aurea</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Synchronous dichogamy, the simultaneous change in sex phases of all flowers in an inflorescence or entire plant, has been proposed to reduce self‐pollination between flowers within a plant (geitonogamy) and so should leave more pollen for export and/or reduce inbreeding. We tested these hypotheses with Alstroemeria aurea Graham, a self‐compatible, clonal herb with synchronous protandrous inflorescences. We manipulated A. aurea inflorescences to compare pollen export, pollen receipt and pollen‐tube attrition in synchronous and asynchronous inflorescences. We constructed asynchronous inflorescences by tying together female‐ and male‐phase ramets which were collected within 1 m of each other and so had a high probability of being genetically related. Inflorescences with both male‐ and female‐phase flowers received 27% more pollen than synchronous inflorescences, which was associated with higher pollen‐tube attrition. The selfing suggested by these results would reduce genetic contributions to the next generation as a result of the strong inbreeding depression found in this species. In contrast, we found no evidence that asynchronous inflorescences exported less pollen to companion female‐phase inflorescences than did synchronous inflorescences. Our results suggest that synchronous dichogamy evolves primarily as an anti‐selfing mechanism, rather than to promote outcross siring success.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".