Lactoferrin in Malignant Human Tumours: New Insights from an Immunohistochemical Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein, is well known to have different physiological activities in humans; in normal conditions, it has been found in milk, blood, urine as well as in many external and mucosal secretions. Herein we have performed a meta-analysis regarding LF immunohistochemical expression as well as its localization pattern in human malignant tumours obtained from personal observations and literature suggestions. The observed heterogeneity in LF immunoexpression between different malignancies as well as inside the same tumour was also discussed in order to acquire a possible explanation for its presence and function. We suggest that neoplastic elements should be able to produce LF in order to make a greater amount of iron available for their turnover; alternatively, the localization of LF in malignant cells may not reflect an intracellular synthesis, reflecting instead the degree of trans-membranous iron transfer as the consequence of defective or functionally impaired LF-receptors, already documented elsewhere on the surface of target cells as well as in human neoplastic cell lines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".