Lokoja Urban Water Supply as a Basic Service Programme: A Critical Appraisal of Achievements and Failures, 1991-2011
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On the 27th August, 1991, through a Presidential announcement, Lokoja became the capital of Kogi state, Nigeria. Prior to this time, it was a Local Government Headquarters. Due to the sudden transformation to a state capital, and coupled with serious neglect of water supply infrastructures, Lokoja immediately started to experience unprecedented water supply problems. This article examines the conditions of water supply infrastructures, population growth vis-a-vis water supply and demand in Lokoja before 1991, and up to 2011. In addition, the article appraised what successive governments in Kogi state had done to ameliorate the water crises and noted with concern that, its achievement had been negligible and negligent. The article concludes that, for sustainability of the giant strides made in the water sector between 2008 and 2011, both the government and the consumers should change their attitude in favour of “waterwise” and “green economy” approaches. Key words: Urban population growth; Water supply and demand; Water supply infrastructures; Water supply targets; Water crisis; Waterwise; Green economy Resume: Le 27 aout 1991, par une annonce presidentielle, Lokoja devint la capitale de l'Etat de Kogi, au Nigeria. Avant cette epoque, il etait un quartier general de l'administration 1 locale. En raison de la transformation soudaine d'une capitale de l'Etat, et couple a une negligence grave des infrastructures d'approvisionnement en eau, a immediatement commence a Lokoja experience sans precedent des problemes d'approvisionnement en eau. Cet article examine les conditions des infrastructures d'approvisionnement en eau, la croissance de la population l'approvisionnement en eau vis-a-vis et la demande dans Lokoja avant 1991, et jusqu'en 2011. En outre, l'article evalue ce que les gouvernements successifs de l'Etat de Kogi avait fait pour ameliorer les crises de l'eau et a note avec preoccupation que, sa realisation avait ete negligeable et la negligence. L'article conclut que, pour la durabilite du fait des pas de geant dans le secteur de leau entre 2008 et 2011, le gouvernement et les consommateurs doivent changer leur attitude en faveur du “Econeau” et les approches de “l’economie verte”. Mots cles: La croissance demographique urbaine; L'approvisionnement en eau et de la demande; Les infrastructures d'approvisionnement en eau; Les cibles d'approvisionnement en eau; La crise de l'eau; Le Waterwise; L’economie verte
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".