Risk of Mental Illness in Offspring of Parents With Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Family High-Risk Studies

Why is this work in the frame?

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

Full frame distilled prediction

Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

Candidate categories

Meta-epidemiology (narrow)

Consensus categories

none

Domain

Candidate signal: noneConsensus signal: none

Study design

Candidate signal: Meta-analysisConsensus signal: none

Genre

Candidate signal: ReviewConsensus signal: Review

Teacher disagreement score

0.526

Threshold uncertainty score

1.000

Validation status

machine_predicted_unvalidated · codex-gemma-dda1882f352a

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Teacher spread

0.278 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work

Validation status

score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Offspring of parents with severe mental illness (SMI; schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder) are at an increased risk of developing mental illness. We aimed to quantify the risk of mental disorders in offspring and determine whether increased risk extends beyond the disorder present in the parent. METHOD: Meta-analyses of absolute and relative rates of mental disorders in offspring of parents with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression in family high-risk studies published by December 2012. RESULTS: We included 33 studies with 3863 offspring of parents with SMI and 3158 control offspring. Offspring of parents with SMI had a 32% probability of developing SMI (95% CI: 24%-42%) by adulthood (age >20). This risk was more than twice that of control offspring (risk ratio [RR] 2.52; 95% CI 2.08-3.06, P < .001). High-risk offspring had a significantly increased rate of the disorder present in the parent (RR = 3.59; 95% CI: 2.57-5.02, P < .001) and of other types of SMI (RR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.48-2.49, P < .001). The risk of mood disorders was significantly increased among offspring of parents with schizophrenia (RR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.02-2.58; P = .042). The risk of schizophrenia was significantly increased in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (RR = 6.42; 95% CI: 2.20-18.78, P < .001) but not among offspring of parents with depression (RR = 1.71; 95% CI: 0.19-15.16, P = .631). CONCLUSIONS: Offspring of parents with SMI are at increased risk for a range of psychiatric disorders and one third of them may develop a SMI by early adulthood.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

The record

Venue

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Topic

Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Field

Medicine

Canadian institutions

Dalhousie University

Funders

Canadian Institutes of Health ResearchWorld Health Organization

Keywords

OffspringBipolar disorderSchizophrenia (object-oriented programming)PsychiatryMental illnessMajor depressive disorderRelative riskBipolar I disorderPsychologyDepression (economics)Risk factorMedicineMoodInternal medicineManiaPregnancyMental healthConfidence intervalBiologyGenetics

Has abstract in OpenAlex

yes

API

/api/v1/works/W2149709633