Evaluation of ADV Measurements in Bubbly Two-Phase Flows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (ADV) have been widely used in measuring three dimensional turbulent velocities. A new development of ADV, MicroADV from SonTek, is used to measure the flow in free hydraulic jumps with Froude numbers of 2.0, 2.5 and 3.32. The effects of air bubbles and boundary on the measurements of MicroADV are evaluated. Measurements of the mean air concentration and mean velocity were obtained using a fiber optic probe and a Prandtl tube respectively. It was found that the error of mean velocity measured by MicroADV is increased linearly with the air concentration at very low concentration. The boundary effect on the measurements of MicroADV starts when the distance from the measurement point to the boundary is less than about 3 cm. The relative error of MicroADV measurements increases when the distance reduces, and at a distance of 0.5 cm the relative error is estimated to be 12 ∼ 25%. The relative error is within 6% for the situations without the effects of air bubble and boundary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".