Mechanisms of CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIDS, caused by the retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), has reached pandemic proportions. Therefore, it is critical to understand how HIV causes AIDS so that appropriate therapies can be formulated. Primarily, HIV infects and kills CD4(+) T lymphocytes, which function as regulators and amplifiers of the immune response. In the absence of effective anti-retroviral therapy, the hallmark decrease in CD4(+) T lymphocytes during AIDS results in a weakened immune system, impairing the body's ability to fight infections or certain cancers such that death eventually ensues. The major mechanism for CD4(+) T cell depletion is programmed cell death (apoptosis), which can be induced by HIV through multiple pathways. Death of HIV-infected cells can result from the propensity of infected lymphocytes to form short-lived syncytia or from an increased susceptibility of the cells to death. However, the apoptotic cells appear to be primarily uninfected bystander cells and are eradicated by two different mechanisms: either a Fas-mediated mechanism during activation-induced cell death (AICD), or as a result of HIV proteins (Tat, gp120, Nef, Vpu) released from infected cells stimulating apoptosis in uninfected bystander cells. There is also evidence that as AIDS progresses cytokine dysregulation occurs, and the overproduction of type-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) increases susceptibility to AICD whereas type-1 cytokines (IL-12, IFN-gamma) may be protective. Clearly there are multiple causes of CD4(+) T lymphocyte apoptosis in AIDS and therapies that block or decrease that death could have significant clinical benefit.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".