Disequilibrium response of permafrost thaw to climate warming in Canada over 1850–2100
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Climate warming would induce permafrost thaw. However, the response of permafrost to atmospheric climate change could take from a few years to millennia. In this study, we simulated the transient changes in ground thermal regimes and permafrost status in Canada over 1850–2100 at a half‐degree latitude/longitude resolution using a process‐based model. The results show that the ground thermal regimes were in strong disequilibrium, with much stronger warming near the surface than in deeper ground. The reduction in permafrost extent (20.5–24.0%) by the end of the 21st century was much smaller than equilibrium projections, but permafrost thaw would continue after the 21st century even if air temperature stops increasing. Permafrost thaw from the top was very significant, and the area with supra‐permafrost taliks increased exponentially, especially during the 21st century. This marked permafrost thaw from the top could have significant impacts on hydrology, landscape, soil biogeochemistry, ecosystems, and infrastructure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".