Hydrological regime changes in a Canadian Prairie basin
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract To illustrate the hydrological impact of climate and land use change on an unregulated basin, the agriculture‐ and wetland‐dominated Smith Creek Research Basin (SCRB) was examined in detail. Streamflows (1975–1994) show behaviour typical of the Canadian Prairies – generation primarily by snowmelt and cessation in May due to lack of runoff or groundwater contributions. Depressional storage has been drained for decades, reducing the extent of ponds by 58% and increasing drainage channel length 780%. Climate has also changed; increasing temperatures since 1942 have brought on a gradual increase in the rainfall fraction of precipitation (no trends in total precipitation) and an earlier snowmelt by 2 weeks. The number of multiple‐day rainfall events has increased by half, which may make rainfall‐runoff generation mechanisms more efficient. Annual streamflow volume and runoff ratio have increased 14‐fold and 12‐fold, respectively, since 1975, with dramatically increasing contributions from rainfall and mixed runoff regimes. Snowmelt runoff has declined from 86% in the 1970s to 47% recently while rainfall runoff has increased from 7% to 34% of discharge. Peak discharge has tripled since 1975, with a major shift in 1994. Recent flood volumes in SCRB have been abnormally large, and high flows in June 2012 and flooding in June 2014 were caused solely by rainfall, something never before recorded at the basin. Changes to the observed character of precipitation, runoff generation mechanisms and depressional storage are substantial, but it is unlikely that any single change can explain the dramatic shift in SCRB surface hydrology. Further diagnostic investigation using process hydrology simulations is needed to explain the observed regime changes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it