A new method for three‐dimensional visualization and quantification of biogenic structures in aquatic sediments using axial tomodensitometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biogenic structures formed by the activity of macro‐ and meiobenthic organisms exert a great influence on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of sediments. Although bioturbation processes are recognized as ecologically important, the characterization and quantification of biogenic structures produced by benthic organisms remain difficult. Several techniques (e.g., resin casting, X‐radiography) were previously used to quantify these structures. However, due to a lack of definition, entire burrows, including fine structures created by meiobenthic and small macrobenthic species, could not be identified with precision. Here, we show how axial tomodensitometry (CT scan) can be used to visualize biogenic structures and organic matter in three dimensions with high resolution. Further, a simple method for calculating the space occupied by biogenic structures at given depths is developed, based on comparisons of the densities of biogenic structures with those of surrounding sediments. Other potential uses of the CT scan technique in studying benthic ecology are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".