Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural frequency (f) and damping ratio (ζ) are important dynamic parameters that affect the likelihood of tree failure. Much work has investigated these parameters on conifers, but few data exist for open-grown deciduous trees. Considering the risk to people and property from tree failures in residential areas, a better understanding of f and ζ for open-grown deciduous trees is warranted. We measured free vibrations of Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Bradford’) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) to calculate f and ζ. Subsequently, we remeasured trees after pruning and leaf-drop to investigate the effect of each treatment on f and ζ. While testing one species, an ice storm provided a serendipitous opportunity to investigate the effect of ice accretion on f and ζ. For both species, f did not differ with respect to the cycle for which it was measured or the direction in which the tree swayed. Different types of pruning variably affected f and ζ, but the effect of leaves superseded the effect of pruning, as well as ice accretion. Pruning trees to reduce the likelihood of wind-induced failure may thus be of limited value if significant wind events typically occur when trees are leafless.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".