Taxonomy, phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology of <i>Sabulodinium undulatum</i> (Dinophyceae), including an emended description of the species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY Samples of Sabulodinium undulatum Saunders et Dodge, the type species of the monospecific genus, were collected and characterized from Germany, Russia, Japan and Canada. This species has a laterally flattened, oval cell with a truncated apex and a dorsally pointing small episome. The dorsal margin of the hyposome has an undulating shape. A dorsal spine and/or antapical spine are sometimes present. The specimens of this heterotrophic species are 27.5–42.5 μm long and 18.5–36.0 μm wide, and have a theca with the plate arrangement apical pore complex (APC) 5′ 1a 6″ 5c 4s 6′′′ 1′′′′. The shape of the dorsal theca is variable. The species distribution seems to be restricted to northern temperate regions. Sabulodinium undulatum occurred in all sandy eulittoral areas throughout the year and was also present in sandy sublittoral and supralittoral (beach) samples. The species can tolerate a broad range of temperatures and salinities. Sabulodinium occurred from −2.0 to +24.3°C and 4–35 salinity. It is likely that the observed variability in morphology and habitat reflect several varieties. We propose to establish three varieties within the species, namely S. undulatum var. undulatum , S. undulatum var. glabromarginatum , and S. undulatum var. monospinum . The systematic position of Sabulodinium is discussed in the context of comparative morphological and molecular phylogenetic data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".