A new sex dimorphism in the Harderian gland of the frog <i>Rana esculenta</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Harderian gland (Hg), the only gland found in the orbit of the frog Rana esculenta L., 1758, probably plays a role in orbital lubrication. The secretory activity of the Hg is seasonal, showing the highest activity in summer. There is little information on Hg gene expression; previously, we identified a mRNA named harderin, whose deduced protein has no homology with other proteins. Differential expression of the harderin transcript between the sexes expressed during the annual cycle implies sexual dimorphism. RT–PCR (reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction) analysis, revealed that harderin is expressed during the entire year in the Hg of both sexes. It shows a higher level of expression in the female glands than that of male glands. Two peaks of expression, in February and in June, were observed in the female glands, while only the February peak was observed in those of males. These observations were supported by in situ hybridization. Experiments involving gonadectomy and (or) hormonal replacement therapy showed a significant decrease in harderin in the Hg of females; this effect is prevented by estradiol (testosterone had no effect), while ICI (antiestrogen) counteracts the hormonal prevention, suggesting that this sexual dimorphism is under estradiol control. The constant expression of harderin mRNA during the year suggests a probable constitutive role for this molecule.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".