DESCRIPTIONS OF FLEA LARVAE (SIPHONAPTERA: CERATOPHYLLIDAE:<i>CERATOPHYLLUS</i>SPP.) FOUND IN THE NESTS OF SWALLOWS (AVES: PASSERIFORMES: HIRUNDINIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Descriptions are provided for larvae of nine species ofCeratophyllusCurtis for which swallows in North America, north of Mexico, are recorded hosts. A detailed description is provided for the larva ofCeratophyllus celsus celsusJordan and for other species only where there are significant differences fromC.c.celsus.Ceratophyllus celsus celsus,Ceratophyllus scopulorumHolland, andCeratophyllus petrochelidoniWagner are characterized by a large number of anal comb (25–42) and anal mound (13–23) setae, but among themselves have not proved separable;Ceratophyllus styx ripariusJordan and Rothschild is remarkable in having two ventral plate setae on all thoracic segments as well as on the eighth and occasionally the ninth abdominal segments;Ceratophyllus idiusJordan and Rothschild andCeratophyllus nigerC. Fox characteristically display stout ventral plate setae on the thoracic segments, as seen inC.c.celsus, but have fewer anal comb and mound setae. We are unable to separate larvae ofC.idiusandC.nigerfrom each other.Ceratophyllus gallinae(Schrank) also has few comb and mound setae, but the ventral plate setae are more slender than evident in other species treated here.Ceratophyllus diffinisJordan andCeratophyllus gareiRothschild, the sole Nearctic representatives of the subgenusEmmareusSmit, are characterized by their short, slender, thoracic ventral plate setae, but have not been separated from each other here. Redescriptions are provided for larvae ofC.gallinaeandC.garei. Descriptions for all other taxa are provided for the first time. A key is provided to the known larvae of species associated with swallows in North America, north of Mexico.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".