Reduced upper ocean turbulence and changes to bubble size distributions during large downward heat flux events
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the Radiance in a Dynamic Ocean (RaDyO) field study south of Hawaii in September 2009, simultaneous observations of total heat flux, upper ocean turbulence, and bubble size distributions suggest that large downward heat flux modulates the upper ocean turbulence dissipation rates and subsequently the upper ocean bubble field. The observations show that the turbulence dissipation rates near the ocean surface are reduced by a factor of 10 during periods with high downward heat flux (>400 W m−2). Simultaneously, the observations of bubble size distributions at a depth of 0.5 m show that there were significantly lower concentrations of bubbles with radii >100 μm than during a winter study in the Gulf of Mexico. Also, the number of bubbles with radii >200 μm is found to be dependent on the heat flux, with fewer such bubbles during stable (positive heat flux) conditions. The reduced number of larger bubbles reduces the effect of the bubble field on optical reflectance by up to a factor of 3 compared to other locations at similar wind speeds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".