Effect of modification and regulation on physicochemical properties of clinoptilolite, as well as nitrogen and phosphates removal performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural clinoptilolite was modified by NaCl‐firing to produce modified clinoptilolite. Afterwards, the modified clinoptilolite was regulated by LaCl 3 to produce composite clinoptilolite. Modified clinoptilolite and composite clinoptilolite were used to adsorb ammonia‐nitrogen and phosphates from wastewater. The modified clinoptilolite and composite clinoptilolite had high sorption efficiency and removal performance. The ammonia‐nitrogen and phosphate removal rate of the modified clinoptilolite reached 96.46 % and the phosphate removal rate of the composite clinoptilolite reached 86.26 %. Furthermore, the structure was characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, IR, and N 2 ‐porosimetry analyses. Results showed that the surface of modified clinoptilolite became loose and some pores appeared, which increased the specific surface area. In addition, total pore volume, micropore area and average pore width increased after modification by NaCl firing and LaCl 3 regulation, where in the micropore area exhibited the highest increase. The modification process did not change the overall skeletal structure and structural holes for both the modified clinoptilolite and the composite clinoptilolite. The main components were Si, Al, and O. The Na ion content of the modified clinoptilolite increased from 0.77 % to 2.45 % and the La ion content of composite clinoptilolite increased from 0 % to 2.52 %. The modification and regulation mechanisms were based on the Na + replace Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ of clinoptilolite. Hydrous lanthanum oxide could be loaded only to the surface of clinoptilolites. In addition, the ion‐exchange capacity of both the modified clinoptilolite and the composite clinoptilolite improved compared with natural clinoptilolite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".