Evaluation of the influence of boundary confinement on the behaviour of unsaturated swelling clay soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Swelling soils are found in many regions throughout the world. Damage caused to infrastructure by these types of soils is measured annually in billions of dollars. These excessive damages are, in part, due to the lack of proper design, resulting from a need for better tools for practitioners to assess the impact of swelling soils in typical design applications. This paper presents an experimental testing program with interpretations to provide a framework for predicting the behaviour of swelling soils under general stress and volume state conditions for practical applications. The experimental testing adopted a new automated triaxial apparatus that controls boundary stress and strain while applying liquid infiltration conditions at the perimeter or center of triaxial specimens. Results demonstrate the influence of a range of boundary conditions on the behaviour of swelling soil during liquid infiltration. The range of boundary conditions examined in the experimental testing include constant mean stress (CMS), where the mean stress applied during the swelling stage is constant; constant volume (CV), where the volume is held constant during the liquid infiltration; as well as a flexible spring-type boundary condition (CS) that applies increases in stress as a specified function of the volume increase. These boundary conditions represent the broad spectrum of experiences in the field. The experimental results show the dominance of boundary conditions on the development of swell pressure and volume expansion to give evidence for a new swell equilibrium limit (SEL) relationship. The SEL shows promise in providing a framework for swelling soils to predict the final soil state under wetting conditions for the range of boundary conditions examined. Application of the SEL relationship in practice is presented as a concept for examining swelling induced pressures and volume expansion in applications of liquid infiltration of swelling soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".