Multifractal characterization of synthetic ECG in the presence of coloured noise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a signal resulting from a complicated dynamical process. The paper describes an extension to a previous method of reconstruction and characterization of real ECG to a new "realistic" dynamical model of an ECG. A noise-free ECG is generated at 360 samples per second from the dynamical model, and contaminated with 10 dB of white, pink, or brown noise. The dynamical phase-space is then reconstructed. It is observed that the noise-free ECG has a Renyi fractal dimension spectrum (RS) bounded between 1 and 2. It is also observed that noise introduces a positive bias in the RS estimate. This bias is greater for uncorrelated noise, but more asymmetric with increasing correlation. These are the first characterizations of a realistic estimate of the noise-free ECG attractor. It is also the first analysis of the effect of noise correlation on the RS of ECGs in isolation of sampling effects. This demonstrates that a disagreement with the RS of a real ECG signal is not due to noise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".