Bibliographic record
Abstract
We develop a nonlinear control method for asymmetric actuators. Asymmetric actuators do not generate symmetric power during an application. Thrusters and shape memory alloy wires are examples of this class of actuators that produce only unidirectional forces. Hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders are generally asymmetric because, under constant pressure, the generated force in the forward direction is different than that in the reverse direction. Existing control methods assume a symmetric actuation, and therefore, application of asymmetric actuators calls for new control schemes. Current control techniques implement a bias in utilizing asymmetric actuators. However, the amount of the bias depends on the control effort and is not constant. Also, the use of a bias changes the system equilibrium point and introduces a steady-state error. We propose a control scheme capable of producing any biased input. The controller is a second-order system coupled to the system through quadratic terms. The application of quadratic terms for the control input enables us to generate any biased control input, which can be utilized by asymmetric actuators.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".