Physicochemical Changes in the Quality of Surface Water due to Sewage Discharge in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sewage discharge is known to degrade the quality of receiving water bodies. This study assesses the impact of black water discharge on the physico-chemical parameters of River Zik in the University of Ibadan. Water samples were collected from five sampling sites along the stream located at progressive distances from the discharge point. Sampling was done three times over a period of three months (May to July 2012). The physico-chemical parameters tested were: pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Nitrate. The overall mean values of the measured parameters were as follows: BOD5 (381.1 mg/L); DO (3.9 mg/L); SS (1825.4 mg/L); pH (6.1); EC (618.5 ?s/cm) and Nitrates (59.8 mg/L). The highest concentrations of BOD5, SS, EC and Nitrates were obtained at the point of sewage discharge into the stream. One-way ANOVA showed significant deviation from WHO standards for BOD5, SS, DO, EC and Nitrates (p < 0.05). This study showed that sewage discharge into River Zik have seriously contributed to the pollution of the stream to levels which pose health and environmental hazards to those using it downstream for domestic and agricultural purposes. This environmental hazards has been attributed to the little or near none existence of regulatory bodies responsible for regulating the strenght of black water discharge into sewers and/or recieving water bodies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".