Designing Linear PAs at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies Using Volterra Series Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Power amplifiers (PAs) at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies are required for delivering high output linear power while being efficient; however, their performance is severely affected by the scaled semiconductor technology and the operating frequency. To improve the linearity of mm-wave PAs, it is recommended that an external linearization technique such as predistortion be used. The PA presented in this paper uses adaptive predistortion (APD). The APD linearization technique was developed using the Volterra series analysis on the silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor. The Volterra series analysis was used to identify and characterize the third-order intermodulation distortion components. The PA uses a single-ended common-emitter topology. It consists of three stages biased in the Class AB mode. The PA and APD were designed using the 130-nm SiGe bipolar and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. The PA and APD achieve an optimum third-order intermodulation reduction of 10 dB and an improved linear output power of 2.5 dBm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".