Evangelical Churches and Freemasonry in Mid-Nineteenth Century Calais, Maine and St. Stephen, New Brunswick
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impact of the decline and resurrection of nineteenth century freemasonry on the Canadian-American borderlands has only recently attracted scholarly attention. Antimasonry’s significance within American political history is obviously less transferrable to British North America. However, the antimasonic movement reflected broader anxieties concerning social distinctions, gender, and Christianity, especially evangelicalism. This paper explores the relationship between evangelicalism and freemasonry in New Brunswick and eastern Maine, with a particular focus on coastal communities. On the one hand, early borderlands lodges reflected the increased Christianization of American masonry, and evangelicals were divided or ambivalent concerning antimasonry. Yet antimasonry was strong enough to close nearly all New Brunswick lodges for 15 years, After the 1840s, evangelical churches began their rapprochement with freemasonry. These changes reflected not only the lessening of political controversies, but the extent to which both the fraternal and the evangelical versions of masculinity had become more socially mainstream.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".