Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive metabolite presents in all biological systems.The accumulation of MG in diabetic patients and animals has been long recognized.Recently, studies have shown that MG levels are elevated in hypertensive rats.However, the pathological effects of MG in diabetes and related insulin resistance syndrome such as obesity are currently unknown.In the present study, the role of MG in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance was investigated.First, it was observed that MG induced structural and functional changes of insulin.Incubation of human insulin with MG in vitro yielded MG-insulin adducts, as evidenced by additional peaks observed upon mass spectrometric (MS) analysis.Tandem MS analysis of insulin B-chain adducts confirmed attachment of MG at an arginine residue.[ 3 H]-2-deoxyglucose uptake ([ 3 H]-2-DOG) by 3T3-L1 adipocytes was significantly and concentration-dependently decreased after treatment with MG-insulin adducts, in comparison with the effect of native insulin at the same concentration.A significant decrease of glucose uptake induced by MG-insulin adducts was also observed in L8 skeletal muscle cells.Unlike native insulin, MG-insulin adducts did not inhibit insulin release from pancreatic -cells.The degradation of MG-insulin by cultured liver cells was also decreased.In conclusion, MG modifies insulin by attaching to internal arginine residue in the -chain of insulin.The formation of this MG-insulin adduct decreases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, impairs autocrine control of insulin secretion, and decreases insulin clearance.These structural and functional abnormalities of the insulin molecule may contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".