Horizontal Cylindrical Structures in an Unconsolidated Quaternary Deposit at Saint-Joachim, Near Québec City (Canada)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two series of six horizontal cylindrical structures (pipes) were discovered recently in a Late Pleistocene (11‑10 ka BP) emerged delta deposit about 40 km NE of Québec City, Canada. The pipes occur at a depth of 19 m in a slightly oxydized layer of fine sand which is interlayered with two strata of compact blue silty clay, respectively 35 and 45 cm in thickness. The maximum length of the pipes is not known, but the remaining exhumed pipes measure 34 to 59 cm. Their diameter ranges from 6.5 to 14.5 cm. The pipe core generally consists of clean and loose medium to coarse sand whereas the outer ring, made of oxydized fine sand, is semi-consolidated. Pipes are the result of water flow in a permeable sand layer enclosed between two non-permeable layers; water enclosed in a shallow basin created by local collapsing was under hydraulic pressure and forced to drain out on the delta front. These water escape features are possibly the first known site of horizontal cylindrical structures observed in unconsolidated Quaternary sediments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".